Typhus arrives in Moreton Bay
In the labour-starved colony of Queensland of the 1870s, each boatload
of immigrants was keenly awaited. The recruited workers and their families were an essential commodity imported into the colony as an investment by many employers,
who had paid for their passage. The fact
that they should arrive in poor condition and in diminished numbers, was not
well received by those investors.
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| Setting the Sails |
In early January 1873, a German emigrant ship arrived in Moreton Bay
after a voyage lasting three months. The
Lammershagen had sailed directly from Hamburg with some 380 souls on
board.
Rather than transferring the weary passengers by steamer up river to
Brisbane Town, other procedures were put into action.
After a visit from the medical officer from Brisbane, the boat was
immediately ordered into quarantine and towed to Peel Island.
THE German immigrant ship Lammershagen, which arrived
from Hamburg on Tuesday, has, we regret to say, been placed in quarantine,
owing to the fact of there being typhus fever on board. At the present time
there are several cases amongst the passengers, one of which is looked upon as
hopeless. During the passage, eight deaths occurred; but these were from
various causes, typhus fever having, we understand, only broken out during the
last two or three weeks.[1]
This last statement was not quite correct. It would later become known that the first
case had occurred less than one month into the voyage. This confusion of
information would continue as the story of the Lammershagen emerged over the following weeks. The tales of the conditions on board and the
conduct of the ship’s doctor varied wildly and culminated in a Government
enquiry.
It emerged that the Lammershagen
was not only overcrowded, unhygienic, and poorly ventilated but severely
under-provisioned. – ideal conditions for an outbreak of typhus, commonly known
as “ship’s fever”.
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| Below decks on a crowded emigrant ship |
The steamer Kate, on her arrival from Ipswich on the 8th,
was despatched to the Bay with every requisite obtainable for making the
passengers as comfortable as possible under the circumstances. The intention is
to tow the vessel to Peel Island, when the immigrants will be landed, and
provided with tents; a temporary wooden hospital being erected for the use of
the patients, who will be separated as far as possible from the remainder of
the passengers.[2]
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| Dunwich viewed from Peel Island |
Because the number of quarantine cases up to this time had greatly
declined, the quarantine station at Dunwich on Stradbroke Island had been
appropriated as a Benevolent Asylum. The
facilities on nearby Peel Island were woefully inadequate to receive the 350
odd passengers from the Lammershagen. Some of the spare sails had to be taken
ashore to provide further shelter.
Peel Island (in Moreton Bay) was selected, and off that
the ship was moored, the passengers being landed and "housed" - if
the term be permissible - under tents, or whatever other shelter they could
get, the season, moreover, being exceptionally wet. The latest reports from
Peel Island are of a favourable character, but there is no knowing how long the
unfortunate "suspects" may stay where they are - the victims of discomfort,
and ignorant, probably, of the regulations which compel their detention.
If
report does not egregiously err, the new arrivals by this vessel have had
anything but a cheerful introduction to their new home. No doubt the Government
have done the best they could under the circumstances, but, to say the least of
it, it was unfortunate that the first experience of Queensland gained by these
people should be to "camp out" on an island in drenching rain,
huddled together like sheep in an ovile[3].[4]
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| Moreton Bay and Stradbroke Island |
While the immigrants remained in quarantine, possible reasons for the Typhus
outbreak were discussed in the press.
Typhus, spread by lice, was known to appear in crowded, unsanitary, and
poorly ventilated conditions - it was common in the crammed English prisons in
the 18th century. Typhoid
fever, a different ailment, is contracted from contaminated water. A
correspondent to the Brisbane Courier
pointed out these facts.
Typhoid fever, developed as it has been in this ship, is
not what is sometimes called, "a visitation of GOD". There is no room
for any such impious imputation. If it is a visitation at all, it is a
visitation from some festering impurities generated by defective ventilation,
or over-crowded and unclean quarters. It is an effect which we have no doubt
can be clearly traced to an efficient cause, and there will be no excuse if
those to whom that cause can be traced are not held responsible for its
existence. The legal pains and penalties which it may be possible to inflict
are slight in comparison with the injury inflicted, but the blame should be
impartially adjudged, and those who deserve it should be made, as far as
possible, to feel their culpability.[5]
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| Peel Island, the Quarantine Station was in the North-western Corner |
There was clearly a failure of the shipping company to ensure the passengers had sufficient space and ventilation and provisions. During the voyage it was responsibility of the ship’s medical officer to maintain proper standards of hygiene during the voyage. One correspondent to the Courier Mail blamed the Scandinavians amongst the passengers.
The majority of the immigrants are Scandinavians, hailing
from Norway and Sweden and it was amongst them that the sickness first made its
appearance on board.
Tho Scandinavians, it is also stated, came on board very
scantily clothed, and the blankets supplied by the contractor at Hamburgh for
their use were miserable rags. The races of Northern Europe are not noted for
their cleanliness of living, and it was no doubt impossible to compel such a
number of half clad people as these appeared to be, to preserve those habits of
personal cleanliness which are strictly necessary to the carrying out of proper
sanitary regulations on board a crowded immigrant ship.[6]
Later it became known that the sister ship of the Lammershagen, the Alardus,
had experienced a similar epidemic and only made it as far as Melbourne. Finally
the colonial authorities sent a complaint to London requesting that the Hamburg
shipping company involved be advised to send no further emigrants to
Queensland.
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| Emigrants awaiting Embarkation in Hamburg |
Mr. Palmer has telegraphed to Mr. Daintree, the
Agent-General in London, complaining of the condition of the German immigrants
per "Lammershagen," on their arrival at Brisbane. Mr. Palmer also
comments on the state of the immigrants of the "Alardus," which has
had to put into Melbourne on account of the mortality and sickness on board. He
gravely censures those connected with the shipment of the immigrants by both
vessels, and instructs the Agent-General not to allow in future German
emigrants to Queensland to be forwarded by the same medium.[7]
As the Lammershagen
immigrants were slowly released in small groups from quarantine, accounts of
their experiences both while on Peel Island and on the voyage were reported in
the colonial press. A correspondent for
the Queenslander had heard nothing at all negative from Peel Island.
The Lammershagen people are nearly all cleared out now. A
batch, consisting of six married couples, eleven single girls, nine single men,
nine children and two infants will be sent up to Brisbane tomorrow or Tuesday,
and then there will only be nineteen adults left. There have been no signs of
fever among them for some time past, and all the people at the station are in
good health. Dr. Schmidt seems to have performed his arduous duties in a most
satisfactory manner, and all the passengers speak in high terms of his skill,
attention, and judicious management.[8]
Soon other reports of Dr. Schmidt’s behaviour emerged in which many of
the passengers did not “speak in high terms” of the supposedly heroic
Doctor. Charles Campen, an influential
member of the Brisbane German community took up their case with the Colonial
Secretary. As a result an official
enquiry was held. In the meantime Dr. Schmidt had been permitted to leave the
colony.
The first witness examined was Charles Campen, who
deposed that he forwarded two letters of complaint, one to the Immigration
Agent, dated April 21, 1873, and tho other to the Colonial secretary, dated
April 28, in reference to the treatment of immigrants by the Lammershagen
whilst in quarantine; the first complaint made in the letter against the doctor
was for having exposed a woman for two hours in the sun under a tree or
something erected like a gallows on Peel Island, Wilhelm Frederick and his
wife, the persons mentioned in the letter, were in attendance to substantiate
the charge, but unfortunately most of the other persons were scattered over the
colony.[9]
This last point was important as most of the immigrants had since proceeded
to the Wide Bay area and few were available to testify. It was later alleged that Dr. Schmidt had
released the people in small batches from quarantine so that they could not
organise a group complaint against him.
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| Medieval "Pranger" or Pillory, Bonn |
He took it upon himself to erect on Peel Island a kind of
gallows, threatening to hang everybody who would not obey his orders. He made
use of the latter tree for inflicting a peculiar and degrading punishment,
called in Germany the "Pranger," which is considered in Germany the
most disgraceful punishment to any person, particularly to a woman, inasmuch as
a person of that sex must be of the worst and lowest character to be thus
punished.[10]
Despite the evidence presented, the Enquiry completely exonerated Dr.
Schmidt, dismissing the charges as “frivolous in the extreme”.[11]
Despite claims of a whitewash by the Immigration Board, no further action was
taken. Evidently the Board did not wish to discourage further immigrants by giving
credence to the complaints of the
Lammershagen passengers.
Perhaps the most credible account of the behaviour was given after the
enquiry finished, by a passenger in a letter to the Queenslander. The standard
of English used suggests the correspondent may have had some editorial help
from the German immigrant’s advocate, Mr. Campen.
As a passenger by that vessel, and a constable on board,
I had sufficient opportunity to see what was going on, and it is a fact that
this late surgeon-superintendent of the Lammershagen, Dr. Schmidt, made himself
extremely unpopular with all the immigrants on board, so much so that a regular
mutiny was very nearly breaking out against him.
This unpopularity of his arose chiefly from his utter
want of proper feeling in the treatment and management of young children, the
truth of which may easily be understood from the fact that amongst seventeen
children born on board the larger portion died. The following facts, however,
which I am capable of substantiating, will show what the doctor's conduct
really was:—
1. Dr. S. has been guilty of improper behaviour with the
matron, and has repeatedly sung indecent street songs in the presence of the
passengers.
2. He has beaten several women—vis., Auguste Moderow,
Anna Moderow, Paulina Boehm, and Anna Olsen.
3. He has habitually used insulting language towards the
passengers, such as calling them a "gang of thieves,"
"tag-rag," &c.
4. He took it upon himself to erect on Peel Island a kind
of gallows, threatening to hang everybody who would not obey his orders.
I may add here that in the beginning of February a number
of immigrants, then just arrived at the depot, drew up a petition, signed, and
left it in the Immigration-office for Mr. Gray, saying that they had complaints
against the doctor, and that they demanded enquiry. Nothing, however, has been
since heard of that petition.
Had Mr. Gray taken any notice of it at the time it was
lodged with him, that is, when the complaining as well as the accused parties
were still to be brought face to face, it is highly probable that the results
of such an enquiry would have been quite different from those obtained from the
enquiry which took place last week after the doctor and the principal
complainants were out of reach.[12]
Finally in June 1873, the German and Scandinavian residents were called
to a meeting.
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| Town Hall Queen St. Brisbane ca. 1868 |
Postscripts
A report published in 1876, described the ovens made by the
Lammershagen passengers while on Peel Island.
The immigrants by the Lammershagen did manage to excavate
little caves in the face of the cliff, which they converted into little ovens
and baked excellent bread therein, but those have all fallen into decay now.[14]
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| Cabins for Leprosy Patients on Peel Island |
In the early 20th cetury, the quarantine station on Peel Island was converted to a lazarette, a home for leprosy patients.
In 1882, the Lammershagen met her end when she was wrecked on a rocky point on the coast of Wales. A contemporary painting recorded the event.[15]
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| The Wreck of the Lammershagen, 1882 |
Five years after the Lammershagen incident, Charles Campen met his end after getting into severe financial difficulties.
IT was currently reported in town yesterday that Charles
Gerhard Campen, a man well-known in the community, had committed suicide by
drowning. There is a considerable amount of mystery surrounding the affair, but
we learn on good authority that serious pecuniary difficulties gave rise to Mr.
Campen's forwarding to a prominent citizen a statement of his monetary affairs
with an intimation that he intended to commit suicide to avoid exposure. The
following letter was addressed to the Police Magistrate:-
"If I went home [meaning Germany] all would have
been well; it is too late now. I dare not wait any longer because I feel my
reason is going to give way. Mr. Macpherson has my last statement showing how I
got into difficulties. There is no need of a post-mortem examination. I die of
my own free will. The Lord have mercy on my poor children.”[16]
His body was found four days later floating in the Brisbane River under
the Albert Bridge at Indooroopilly.
©
K. C. Sbeghen, 2012.
[1]
The Brisbane Courier 10 January 1873
[2]
The Queenslander 11 January 1873
[3]
Enclosure for sheep.
[4]
The Sydney Morning Herald 25 February
1873
[5]
The Brisbane Courier 13 February 1873
[6]
The Brisbane Courier 22 January 1873
[7]
Rockhampton Bulletin 24 April 1873
[8]
The Queenslander 15 March 1873
[9]
The Brisbane Courier 14 May 1873
[10]
The Queenslander 17 May 1873
[11]
The Brisbane Courier 14 May 1873
[12] The Queenslander 17 May 1873
[13]
The Queenslander 7 June 1873
[14]
Ludlow, Peter, Peel Island – Paradise or
Prison?, 1987.
[15] Collection
MS, P.W.J. Chadwick, John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland.
[16]
The Brisbane Courier Friday 15
February 1878
